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. Forty times this challenge was flatly rejected; twice (Isocrates 17.15 16and Demosthenes 37.42) it was accepted but not carried through. Various Free and Unfree Sexual Work 119explanations have been proffered for this pattern: see Gagarin (2001); Mirhady(2000); Allen (2000b, 365 66 n.14).64.For a survey of the extensive horizontal specialization in the Athenianeconomy, and the resultant profusion of discrete labor functions, see Harris(2002).65.On prostitution as a tekhnê, see [Demosthenes] 59.18.66.Cf.Xenophon Oeconomicus 7.41, 12.4; [Aristotle] Oeconomicus 1344a2729 and passim.On the training of artisans and caterers, see, for example, De-mosthenes 45.71.On medicine, see Klees (1998, 96 100) and Sigerist (1970, 74).67.Aristarchus contrasts the vocationally useless liberal education of freepersons with slaves training in tekhnai (crafts or trades requiring knowledgeand skill (Xenophon Oeconomicus 1.1; Pollux 4.7.22); his female relatives lackthe knowledge and skills of slaves (Memorabilia 2.7.4).68.With regard to the great trapezitês Phormion who entered banking as aslave, see Demosthenes 45.72.See also the slaves who as principals operatedthe largest bank in Athens (n.48) above.69.See, for example, [Demosthenes] 59.18, concerning Nicarete.Kapparis(1999, 207) comments: she knew how to educate them to become commerciallysuccessful courtesans. See Alciphron 4 passim; Lucian Dialogues of the Courte-sans 4.3 and 10.4.Cf.Vanoyeke (1990, 33 35).70.Garlan (1988, 62) notes that domestic slaves devoted part of their time to strictly productive work, although slaves were, in most cases, simplygeneral dogsbodies. Cf.Jameson (2002, 168 70).71.In the modern world, prostitution is often a part-time pursuit: in fewcases are women and men engaged full-time.sexworkis commonly just oneof the multiple activities employed for generating income (Kempadoo 1998, 34).Modern prostitutes often find additional employment in retail trade, officeoccupations, domestic service, and in street activities such as shoe-shining.Cf.Azize, Kempadoo, and Cordero (1996); Senior (1992); Kane (1993); Bolles (1992).72.Pornoi generally provided sex in smallish individual rooms (oikêmata)accessible from the street (see Isaeus 6.19, Aeschines 1.74, and Athenaeus 220d),not in the imposing domestic establishments, where pornai are portrayed asgathered in large central halls for presentation to customers (Xenarchus frag.4[K-A] and Eubulus frags.67 and 82 [K-A]).73.Cf.Plato Alcibiades 126e, Lysis 208d e, and Laws 805e 6a and XenophonMemorabilia 3.9.11 and Constitution of the Lacedaimonians 1.3.74. Una delle attività di competenza esclusiva delle donne (Faraguna1999, 70).Market trade seems to have been centered in the himatiopôlis agora(Pollux 7.78); see Wycherley (1957, 200, no.663 and 187 88, no.614).Clothingfor slaves seems to have been an important retail product (Bettalli 1982, 264 and271 72).75.Aristophanes Frogs 1349 51, Lysistrata 519 20, 536 37, 728 30, andClouds 53 55; Plato Republic 455c; Xenophon Oeconomicus 7.6, 21, 36; PlutarchMoralia 830c (citing Crates the Cynic).76.For dyeing, see Eupolis frag.434 and Aristophanes, Ecclesiazusae 215.For weaving, see SEG 18.36 B2.For linen-working, see Aeschines 1.97, Alexisfrag.36.For sewing, see IG 22.1556.28, Antiphanes Alestria frags.21 24, Jordan 120 edward e.cohen(1985, n.72).For wool-working, see scenes on Attic vases (Webster 1973, chaps.16 and 17).The best treatment of l importanza della mandopera servile nellamanifattura tessile is Faraguna (1999, 72 79).Cf.Jameson (1977 78, 134 n.63).77.Davidson (1997, 89) summarizes: a large group of women.wereforced (or chose) to work at both pursuits.78.On Parthenon dedications to Athena from hetairai, see Harris (1995, 24449).For Aphrodite as patron goddess of prostitutes, see n.33 above.79.See, for example: ARV2 101.3 (= Robert 1919, 125 29; 557.123; 795.100)and Heidelberg 64/5 (a kalpis by the Nausikaa Painter).Cf.ARV2 276.70, dis-cussed in Meyer (1988).For other examples, see von Reden (1995, 206 9).80.In the collection of Paul Zanker, Munich, Münzen und Medaillen AG,Auktion 51 (Basel 1975), discussed in Williams (1983, 96 97).Cf.ARV2189.72.1632 and 275.50.81.The vase is in Copenhagen (National Musuem 153 [= ARV2 1131.161]and Williams 1983, 96, fig.7.4).Cf.ARV2 795.10294 7.82.So-called Building Z located by the city wall at the Sacred Gate, in anarea long identified as one of the red-light districts of ancient Athens.Amongthe remains was an amulet depicting Aphrodite Ourania riding a goat acrossthe night sky.For the site, structure, excavation and contents of this building,see Lind (1988); Knigge (1988, esp.88 94); Lentakis (1998, 64 65).83.These documents have been published in IG 22.1553 78 and republished(in part) by Lewis in (1959) and (1968), who incorporates additional finds fromthe Athenian Agora excavations.See Kränzlein (1975) for a survey of scholarlywork on these texts.For early treatments of the original nineteenth-centuryfragments, see Calderini ([1908] 1965, 424 34).84.On the dikê apostasiou, see Klees (1998, 348 54) and Todd (1993, 190 92).85.I follow calculations made by Todd, who produced, as he notes, delib-erately conservative figures (1997, 121).For example, he disregards twelve tala-siourgoi as being of uncertain sex, even though five of the twelve have namesthat are typically feminine, and wool-working seems to have been an exclu-sively female pursuit (see above).As apparent confirmation of the undercount-ing by Todd of female talasiourgoi, there is not a single talasiourgos among the110 slaves who (by Todd s reckoning) are probably or certainly male (1997,121 22).Of the total of 375, Todd found 179 to be of uncertain sex (meaningthat without regard to other possible indicia of sex, their names were not fol-lowed by the formulaic language oikôn [male]/oikousa [female] or apophugôn[male]/apophugousa [female]).(Many of these omissions, however, reflect thefragmentary nature of the surviving inscribed materials.)86.According to Schaps (1979, 96), Athenian society was an extremely pa-triarchal one in theory, not only legal theory but the generally accepted socialunderstanding of the people. In practice, Athenian patriarchy was supposedlyyet more severe and crass than that of modern patriarchal industrial soci-eties (Keuls 1985, 12).Cf.Joshel and Murnaghan (1998, 3); Wright ([1923] 1969,1); Keuls (1989, 26); Vidal-Naquet (1986, 206 7); Cantarella (1987, 38); Schuller(1985, passim).Recently, such views have been yielding to more nuanced inter-pretations: see Sourvinou-Inwood (1995); E.E
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